Pathophysiology of inner ear dysfunction in the squirrel monkey in rapid decompression

More than 90 squirrel monkeys with bilateral myringotomies (a small hole in each ear drum) were rapidly decompressed in a hyperbaric chamber according to a special diving profile in which 35% of attempts produced disorders ("hits") confined to the inner ear. Monkeys receiving inner ear hits (as determined by the sudden onset of vigorous head or eye nystagmus during decompression) were tested and killed at times ranging from 1 h to more than 12 mo following the dive. Histologically, in monkeys killed 1 mo or less after the hit, hemorrhage and/or a deep purple-staining precipitated material were frequently found in the otic fluid spaces. In those monkeys killed more than 1 mo after a hit, ectopic new bone growth in the arms of the semicircular canals was a common sequela. New bone growth never appeared in the cochlea. In unaffected ears, and in both ears of control animals, the precipitated material was somewhat less than in ears damaged by decompression; and, furthermore, new bone growth did not occur. Behaviorally, the hit monkeys showed vestibular deficits that were consistent with the structural damage revealed by histology.