Gastrointestinal hormones: central nervous system localization and sites of neuroendocrine actions

It was established that VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide), secretin, CCK (cholecystokinin), gastrin and motilin can be localized to the CNS by immunologic means. Whether or not these immuno-crossreactivities represent peptides identical to those in the g.i. tracts remains to be established. The neuronal localization of these five peptides in the gut predicted, however, their presence in neurons of the CNS. Furthermore, their presence within the hypothalamus and pituitary suggested physiological roles for these hormones in anterior pituitary function. We have now demonstrated the direct actions of VIP, secretin, gastrin and motilin on pituitary hormone release in vitro. Perhaps more importantly, we have described a hypothalamic site of action of VIP, secretin, CCK and gastrin to alter hormone release in vitro. Our data, taken in concert with those of other groups, suggest a modulatory role for the g.i. hormones and indicate the possible symphonic control by many hormones and transmitter candidates of distinct secretory events in the pituitary. Indeed, these data indicate the complexity underlying the finally tuned hypothalamus-pituitary-target tissue axis.