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Selenium-dependent enzymes

T C Stadtman

    Annual Review of Biochemistry
    |January 1, 1980
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Selenium, a sulfur-like element, plays crucial roles in enzymes. Its unique reactivity influences both toxicity and essential biological functions, particularly in selenium-dependent enzymes.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Biotechnology
    • Toxicology

    Background:

    • Selenium (Se) shares chemical properties with sulfur (S), existing in inorganic forms analogous to sulfur compounds.
    • Organoselenium compounds exhibit greater reactivity and lower stability than their sulfur counterparts, impacting selenium's toxicity and biological roles.
    • The radionuclide 75Se is a valuable gamma emitter used as a tracer in biochemical studies and for diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To summarize current information on the properties and catalytic functions of known selenium-dependent enzymes.
    • To highlight the distinct roles of selenium in biological systems, differentiating between toxic incorporation and essential enzymatic functions.
    • To identify and mention additional selenoproteins with currently unidentified catalytic activities.

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    Main Methods:

    • Literature review and synthesis of existing data on selenium biochemistry.
    • Focus on properties and catalytic functions of four specific selenium-dependent enzymes.
    • Identification of selenoproteins and their potential roles.

    Main Results:

    • Detailed summary of four known selenium-dependent enzymes: formate dehydrogenases (Escherichia coli, anaerobic bacteria), clostridial glycine reductase, mammalian/avian glutathione peroxidase, and nicotinic acid hydroxylase (Clostridium barkeri).
    • Discussion of how selenium's unique reactivity is exploited in specific enzymatic processes.
    • Mention of other identified selenoproteins awaiting functional characterization.

    Conclusions:

    • Selenium's dual nature—potential toxicity and essentiality—is mediated by its chemical properties and specific incorporation into selenoproteins.
    • Selenium-dependent enzymes play critical roles in various metabolic pathways across different organisms.
    • Further research is needed to elucidate the functions of newly identified selenoproteins.