Cell surface changes in preneoplastic and neoplastic epithelium

Reviewed are studies on alterations of the plasma membrane of neoplastic epithelial cells. Changes in the plasma membrane are probably of unique importance in the major clinical manifestations of cancer. Discussed are sequences in cell membrane changes in vivo and in vitro in both human tumors and chemical-induced animal models of carcinogenesis. Emphasis is placed on alterations in specializations of the plasma membrane, including cell junctions, antigenic and enzyme markers, intramembranous components, ion regulation, and the cytoskeleton. In general, the plasma membrane of neoplastic cells is less specialized than the cell of origin. In mammalian bladder, pleomorphis microvilli may occur concomitant with neoplastic transformation. Cell junctions in tumor cells may be reduced in number of functional characteristics compared to normal cells, which may affect cell-cell communication. Such alterations may be related to tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Normal membrane antigens may be lost or new ones gained in neoplasia. Thus, ABO blood group antigens may be lost in the case of human bronchus and bladder, while carcinoembryonic antigen occurs de novo in tumors of the colon and lung. Similarly, several marker enzymes may be reduced in activity, or appear de novo. Alterations in the number and pattern of distribution of intramembranous particles have been observed in bladder tumors, possibly related to changes in membrane function. Shifts in ion ratios (Na+/K+/Ca++) within neoplastic cells may result in abnormalities in cell shape, cell movement, and cell-cell communication. Many of these changes may reflect defects in function of the Golgi apparatus, which synthesizes components of the plasma membrane. Alterations in one or more components of the cytoskeleton may adversely affect cell shape, mobility of membrane proteins, cell-cell adhesion, etc., and play a major role in malignant cell behavior.