Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Experiment Videos

Rat liver microsomal azoreductase activity on four azo dyes derived from benzidine, 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine or

C N Martin, J C Kennelly

    Carcinogenesis
    |January 1, 1981
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Related Concept Videos

    You might also read

    Related Articles

    Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

    Sort by
    Same author

    OPTILATER: optimal long-term survival after cancer - a cross-sectional study protocol for a quantitative survey on the care situation of long-term cancer survivors in Germany.

    BMC cancer·2025
    Same author

    Updating diabetic retinopathy screening lists using automatic extraction from GP patient records.

    Journal of medical screening·2013
    Same author

    Studies on the macromolecular binding of benzidine.

    Carcinogenesis·2012
    Same author

    Agreement and reasons for disagreement between photographic and hospital biomicroscopy grading of diabetic retinopathy.

    Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association·2011
    Same author

    Design and interpretation of rat liver UDS assays.

    Mutagenesis·1995
    Same author

    The effect of reducing the number of cells scored on the performance of the in vivo rat liver UDS assay.

    Mutation research·1995
    Same journal

    Wnt/β-catenin Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Major Context-Dependent Contributor to Resistance to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

    Carcinogenesis·2026
    Same journal

    TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 family members differentially modulate tumor initiation and invasiveness of primary liver cancer in a MMP14-dependent manner.

    Carcinogenesis·2026
    Same journal

    MEK/ERK/RSK2 positive feedback loop modulates EMT to promote migration and invasion of triple-negative breast cancer through regulating GALNT5 mRNA stability.

    Carcinogenesis·2026
    Same journal

    ADH1B-ALDH2 genotype combinations, Age-Related Risk, and Field Cancerization in Head and Neck and Upper GI Cancer Screening in 10,073 Alcohol-Dependent Men.

    Carcinogenesis·2026
    Same journal

    Exploring potential associations between low-dose cardiac catheterization radiation and blood microRNA changes in children with congenital heart disease.

    Carcinogenesis·2026
    Same journal

    Assessing the physiological relevance of the bioactivation of tobacco-specific carcinogen NNK and its metabolite NNAL: quantitative analyses of hydrolysis products from their protein adducts under different carcinogen exposure conditions.

    Carcinogenesis·2026
    See all related articles

    Rat liver microsomes reduced azo dyes, but showed limited activity with benzidine-derived dyes like Direct Black 38. This dye, however, demonstrated mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome assay, independent of oxygen.

    Area of Science:

    • Toxicology
    • Biochemistry
    • Dye Metabolism

    Background:

    • Azo dyes are widely used in various industries.
    • Some azo dyes and their metabolites can be mutagenic.
    • Mammalian liver enzymes play a role in xenobiotic metabolism, including azo dye reduction.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the in vitro azo-reduction of several azo dyes by rat liver microsomes.
    • To assess the mutagenicity of these dyes using the Salmonella/microsome assay.
    • To determine the role of mammalian liver in the metabolism of benzidine-derived azo dyes.

    Main Methods:

    • Spectrophotometric measurement of azo group reduction in rat liver microsomes.
    • Salmonella/microsome assay for mutagenicity testing.

    Related Experiment Videos

  • In vitro incubation of dyes with liver microsomes from phenobarbitone-pretreated rats.

    • Main Results:

    • Rat liver microsomes showed significant reduction of amaranth and sunset yellow.
    • Only Direct Black 38, a benzidine-congener dye, was reduced to an appreciable extent, at 10% the rate of amaranth.
    • Direct Black 38 was the only mutagenic dye identified in the Salmonella/microsome assay, potentially due to 1,2,4-triaminobenzene.
    • Mutagenicity and azo-reduction of Direct Black 38 were oxygen-independent.

    Conclusions:

    • Mammalian liver plays a minor role in the azo-reduction of benzidine-derived dyes.
    • Direct Black 38 exhibits mutagenic potential, with its metabolism and activity not reliant on oxygen.
    • Further research is needed to understand the full toxicological implications of benzidine-derived azo dyes.