Arrow poisons in China. Part II. Aconitum--botany, chemistry, and pharmacology

The botany of Chinese Aconitum species is briefly reviewed. Five species have been identified as sources of arrow poison: A. carmichaelii, A. nagarum, A. ouvrardianum, A. stylosum, and A. episcopale. The most important one, A. carmichaelii, has long served, together with A. kusnezoffii, as the main source of the Chinese medicinal aconite drugs--ts'ao wu (wu t'ou), the parent tuber, and fu tzu (ch 'uan wu), the daughter tuber. Two other aconite drugs have now been accepted into the Chinese materia medica: hsüeh shang i chih hao, from A. brachypodum, A. pendulum, and A. nagarum, and kuan pai fu, from A. coreanum. The folk-medicinal use of Aconitum species throughout China is also discussed. The alkaloid content and composition of Aconitum species known to occur in China are surveyed; and the effects of "processing", practised in order to diminish the toxicity of aconite drugs, are noted. Also the pharmacology of the aconites and their alkaloids is examined, in order to determine to what extent there may be a basis for the numerous medicinal properties attributed to the plants. Current understanding of the effectiveness of the drugs is incomplete and further study is required.