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Related Experiment Videos

Mixing problems in using indicators for measuring regional blood flow

E Ushioda, B Nuwayhid, K Tabsh

    American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
    |January 1, 1982
    PubMed
    Summary

    Accurate blood flow measurement requires proper indicator mixing. Injecting indicators into veins leads to inconsistent results, while injecting into the heart ensures reliable blood flow data.

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    Area of Science:

    • Physiology
    • Cardiovascular Research
    • Biomedical Engineering

    Background:

    • Effective blood flow measurement relies on adequate indicator-blood mixing before sampling.
    • Traditional methods involve cardiac injection and arterial sampling.
    • Recent studies explore venous injection and sampling, raising concerns about mixing efficiency.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate indicator-blood mixing issues in venous and arterial systems.
    • To evaluate the reliability of different injection and sampling sites for blood flow measurement.
    • To compare the performance of small (Cardio-Green) and large (microspheres) indicators.

    Main Methods:

    • Sheep and rabbits were used as animal models.
    • Cardio-Green and labeled microspheres were injected at various circulatory points.

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  • Blood samples were collected from different venous and arterial sites.
  • Continuous and intermittent sampling methods were assessed.

    • Main Results:

    • Injecting small molecule indicators (Cardio-Green) through the heart yielded accurate and reproducible blood flow measurements.
    • Injecting any indicator into veins and sampling from the venous system resulted in inadequate mixing and erratic flow data.
    • Large molecule indicators (microspheres) injected into the left heart and sampled arterially provided accurate results.

    Conclusions:

    • Passing indicators through the heart ensures adequate mixing for accurate blood flow determination.
    • Venous injection and sampling are unreliable for blood flow studies due to poor mixing.
    • Arterial sampling after left heart injection is suitable for both small and large indicators.