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Transcription01:10

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
Transcription01:17

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...

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The tyrT locus: termination and processing of a complex transcript

J Rossi, J Egan, L Hudson

    Cell
    |November 1, 1981
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The E. coli tyrT locus has a spacer region with repeated sequences and termination sites. A temperature-sensitive rho protein affects transcription read-through, revealing dual-function transcripts for tRNA and protein.

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    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Genetics
    • Microbiology

    Background:

    • The Escherichia coli tyrT locus encodes two copies of tRNATyr1, separated by a spacer region.
    • This spacer contains sequences homologous to repeats found further downstream in the tyrT locus.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the structure and function of the tyrT locus in E. coli.
    • To analyze the transcription termination sites and the nature of the primary transcript.
    • To explore the potential for dual-function transcripts encoding both tRNA and protein.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of the tyrT locus sequence and structure.
    • Investigation of transcription termination using a temperature-sensitive rho protein.
    • Identification and characterization of the primary transcript.

    Main Results:

    • The tyrT locus contains a graded set of transcription termination sites spaced at 180-base intervals.
    • The major termination site is located within the second repeat unit.
    • Increased read-through occurs at this site with a temperature-sensitive rho protein, leading to termination at downstream sites.
    • The primary transcript encodes a low molecular weight, basic protein, with pseudogenes in analogous sequences due to base substitutions.

    Conclusions:

    • The tyrT locus exhibits a complex structure with potential for dual-function transcripts.
    • Transcription regulation is influenced by rho protein and termination sites.
    • Homologous sequences in the spacer and repeats may represent pseudogenes for protein coding.