Mutagenicity of azo dyes in the Salmonella/activation test

The detection of certain bis-azo biphenyl dyes (Trypan blue, Evans blue and Congo red) by a modification of the standard Ames test protocol is reported. Detection of a mutagenic response required both the inclusion of FMN in S-9 mix and use of a static pre-incubation step prior to addition of top-agar and pouring in the usual manner. Evidence is presented to substantiate the proposal that use of this protocol provides optimal conditions for the two stages of activation required for the production of mutagenic metabolites from these dyes. These are (i) initial flavin-mediated (hepatic) azo reduction resulting in the formation of proximate mutagenic metabolites followed by (ii) the oxidative metabolism by S-9 resulting in the formation of ultimately mutagenic products.