Biofeedback and hypertension

A review of the history and recent directions in the treatment of essential hypertension by direct biofeedback is presented. Current instrumentation and techniques as well as the status of biofeedback in the treatment of hypertension and the follow-up of previous studies is presented. Given the current uncertain status of biofeedback and behavioral treatment of hypertension, the authors present speculation of putative subgroups of essential hypertensives with respective biochemical markers and possible selective behavioral treatments for these respective subgroups of central nervous system hypertensives.