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Related Concept Videos

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions03:26

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

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An acid-base reaction is one in which a hydrogen ion, H+, is transferred from one chemical species to another. Such reactions are of central importance to numerous natural and technological processes, ranging from the chemical transformations within cells or lakes and oceans to the industrial-scale production of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and other substances essential to the society.
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Acids and bases play several important roles in biology. The pH of a biological system can significantly impact the function of biological molecules, including enzymes, proteins, and nucleic acids. For example, enzymes have optimal pH ranges for their activity, and changes in pH can denature or alter their structure, affecting their function. Acids and bases also play a crucial role in cellular signaling and communication. The pH of the extracellular fluid around cells can influence the...
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Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

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The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
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Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
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Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction01:25

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DefinitionDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by a triad of hyperglycemia (blood glucose >250 mg/dL), ketonemia or ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis (arterial pH <7.30 and serum bicarbonate <18 mEq/L). It results from insulin deficiency combined with elevated levels of counterregulatory hormones—glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone—leading to increased lipolysis, hepatic...
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Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

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Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a metabolic emergency characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. It results from severe insulin deficiency and an excess of counterregulatory hormones, leading to uncontrolled lipolysis, ketogenesis, and widespread electrolyte and fluid disturbances.Pathophysiology The central event in DKA is a profound loss of insulin action. Without insulin, glucose uptake in insulin-dependent tissues is impaired, while hepatic glucose production...
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Measuring Lactase Enzymatic Activity in the Teaching Lab
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The milk-alkali syndrome: current concepts

E S Orwoll

    Annals of Internal Medicine
    |August 1, 1982
    PubMed
    Summary

    Milk-alkali syndrome, characterized by high calcium, alkalosis, and kidney issues, occurs from excessive calcium carbonate intake. Discontinuing intake and supportive care are effective treatments for this condition.

    Area of Science:

    • Nephrology
    • Endocrinology
    • Gastroenterology

    Background:

    • Milk-alkali syndrome (MAS) identified in 1923.
    • Occurs in patients ingesting large amounts of calcium and absorbable alkali (e.g., calcium carbonate).
    • Characterized by hypercalcemia, alkalosis, and renal impairment, presenting in acute, subacute, or chronic forms.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of milk-alkali syndrome.
    • To highlight the importance of recognizing MAS in clinical practice.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of milk-alkali syndrome.
    • Analysis of pathophysiology, clinical features, laboratory findings, and treatment outcomes.

    Main Results:

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    • Pathophysiology involves complex interactions between ingested calcium and alkali, impairing renal calcium and bicarbonate excretion.
    • Diagnosis relies on ingestion history, characteristic clinical/laboratory findings, and exclusion of other hypercalcemia causes.
    • Conservative treatment (discontinuing intake, supportive measures) is typically effective.

    Conclusions:

    • Milk-alkali syndrome remains a relevant clinical entity.
    • Early diagnosis and management are crucial for favorable outcomes.
    • Understanding the pathophysiology aids in preventing and treating MAS.