Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Formal Charges

Formal Charges

In some cases, there are seemingly more than one valid Lewis structures for molecules and polyatomic ions. The concept of formal charges can be used to help predict the most appropriate Lewis structure when more than one reasonable structure exists.

Lewis Structures and Formal Charges

Lewis Structures and Formal Charges

Lewis symbols can be used to indicate the formation of covalent bonds, which are shown in Lewis structures—drawings that describe the bonding in molecules and polyatomic ions. The periodic table can be used to predict the number of valence electrons in an atom and the number of bonds that will be formed to reach an octet. Group 18 elements, such as argon and helium, have filled electron configurations and thus rarely participate in chemical bonding. However, atoms from group 17, such as...

Ratio Level of Measurement

Ratio Level of Measurement

The way a set of data is measured is called its level of measurement. Correct statistical procedures depend on a researcher being familiar with levels of measurement. For analysis, data are classified into four levels of measurement—nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
A set of data measured using the ratio scale takes care of the ratio problem and provides complete information. Ratio scale data are like interval scale data, except they have a zero point and ratios can be calculated....

Continuous Charge Distributions

Continuous Charge Distributions

Imagine a bucket of water. It contains many molecules, of the order of 1026 molecules. Thus, although it contains discrete elements (molecules) at the microscopic level, macroscopically, it can be considered continuous. Small volume elements of water, infinitesimal compared to the bulk of the bucket's volume, still contain many molecules. Under this framework, quantized matter is approximated as continuous for practical purposes.
The electric charge can also be subjected to an analogical...

Charge and Current

Charge and Current

Electric charge is the most fundamental quantity in an electric circuit. The effects of electric charge are encountered daily, such as when a wool sweater sticks to the human body or when a person receives a shock while walking on a carpet.
Charge is an inherent property of the atomic particles that make up matter and is measured in units called coulombs (C). Matter is composed of atoms, each consisting of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Electrons have a negative charge (-e), while protons...

Introduction to Functions

Introduction to Functions

Functions are essential mathematical tools used to describe consistent relationships between varying quantities. A function connects each input to a single, corresponding output based on a defined rule. These relationships appear in both everyday contexts and natural phenomena, providing a framework for understanding change and prediction.One common real-life example is a parking garage fee system, where the total cost depends on the amount of time a vehicle remains inside. In this case, the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

A randomized trial of nurse specialist home care for women with high-risk pregnancies: outcomes and costs.

The American journal of managed care·2001

Same author

Combining accounting approaches to practice valuation.

Healthcare financial management : journal of the Healthcare Financial Management Association·1998

Same author

A randomized trial of early discharge and nurse specialist transitional follow-up care of high-risk childbearing women.

Nursing research·1997

Same author

Avoiding managed care pricing pitfalls.

Healthcare financial management : journal of the Healthcare Financial Management Association·1997

Same author

Resubmission of a grant application: breastfeeding services for LBW infants.

Nursing research·1997

Same author

Downsizing administrative staff without causing burnout.

Hospital cost management and accounting·1995

Same journal

Correction to I.M. Matters News: Sleep medicine for seniors.

Annals of internal medicine·2026

Same journal

Adverse Events After Same-Day COVID-19 and Influenza Vaccination Versus Influenza Vaccination Alone : A Target Trial Emulation.

Annals of internal medicine·2026

Same journal

Leveraging Real-World Evidence to Inform Regulatory, Clinical, and Coverage Decisions Related to Glucagon-Like Peptide-1-Based Therapies: Synopsis of a National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Workshop.

Annals of internal medicine·2026

Same journal

Methodological Approaches to Real-World Evidence Generation for Glucagon-like Peptide-1-Based Therapies: Synopsis of a National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Workshop.

Annals of internal medicine·2026

Same journal

Weekly and Biweekly Treatment With Bofanglutide Versus Semaglutide in Chinese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes : A Phase 2b Randomized Clinical Trial.

Annals of internal medicine·2026

Same journal

Grappling with GLP-1 prescribing.

Annals of internal medicine·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

Published on: April 30, 2020

The distinction between cost and charges

Annals of Internal Medicine

|January 1, 1982

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hospital cost efficiency studies often use patient charges instead of actual costs. This can lead to inaccurate conclusions about economic efficiency. Researchers should use actual resource consumption for more reliable cost measurement.

More Related Videos

Revised and Neuroimaging-Compatible Versions of the Dual Task Screen

Revised and Neuroimaging-Compatible Versions of the Dual Task Screen

Published on: October 5, 2020

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

Published on: March 1, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 6, 2026

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

Published on: April 30, 2020

Revised and Neuroimaging-Compatible Versions of the Dual Task Screen

Revised and Neuroimaging-Compatible Versions of the Dual Task Screen

Published on: October 5, 2020

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

Published on: March 1, 2022

Area of Science:

Health Economics
Hospital Management
Healthcare Finance

Background:

Recent literature increasingly focuses on economic efficiency in hospital service provision.
Studies frequently analyze costs at different treatment volumes.
A common limitation is the use of patient charges as a proxy for economic cost.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the limitations of using patient charges to measure hospital economic efficiency.
To advocate for the use of actual resource consumption as a more accurate cost metric.
To improve the validity of research on hospital cost and efficiency.

Main Methods:

Literature review and critical analysis of existing economic efficiency studies in hospitals.
Comparison of patient charges, accounting costs, and economic costs.
Identification of discrepancies between charges and true resource consumption.

Main Results:

Patient charges often do not accurately reflect the economic cost of hospital services.
Using charges as a proxy for cost can lead to flawed conclusions regarding economic efficiency.
Significant differences exist between economic cost, accounting cost, and patient charges.

Conclusions:

The use of patient charges in economic efficiency studies is methodologically unsound.
Actual resource consumption is a more appropriate measure for assessing hospital costs.
Accurate cost measurement is crucial for drawing valid conclusions about hospital economic efficiency.