Vascular malformations as the cause of unilateral exophthalmus: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations

Unilateral exophthalmus can be caused by intraorbital as well as by extraorbital vascular malformations. The most frequent indications for arteriography and phlebography are given. Various types of arteriovenous malformations and clinical differences between rapid flow and slow-flow fistulas are described, and various types of intraorbital malformations are discussed. Embolization is possible in a number of extraorbital vascular malformations. 3 cases are reported on whom such embolization were carried out.