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Related Concept Videos

Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
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Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Toxicokinetics: Overview01:21

Toxicokinetics: Overview

307
Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...
307
Toxidromes: Clinical Features01:30

Toxidromes: Clinical Features

172
Toxidromes are specific patterns of symptoms resulting from toxic substance exposure. They help in the identification and treatment of poisoning. The symptoms of each toxidrome group indicate poisoning by a certain class of chemicals or drugs.1. Sympathomimetic: Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. Symptoms include agitation, increased heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), respiratory rate (RR), temperature, and pupil size. Drugs like cocaine and amphetamines, along with tremors and...
172
Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Potential Scenarios01:26

Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Potential Scenarios

116
Pharmaceutical poisoning can occur through various channels, impacting an estimated 2 million hospitalized patients in the U.S. annually with serious adverse drug responses. These scenarios encompass both therapeutic uses, such as drug toxicity, where even standard dosages can lead to severe central nervous system depression, and non-therapeutic exposures, including accidental ingestion by children, and environmental and occupational exposures.Unintentional poisonings often involve exploratory...
116
Diphtheria01:28

Diphtheria

172
Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

A Microplate Assay to Assess Chemical Effects on RBL-2H3 Mast Cell Degranulation: Effects of Triclosan without Use of an Organic Solvent
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Toxic shock syndrome in Canada

A J Clayton

    Annals of Internal Medicine
    |June 1, 1982
    PubMed
    Summary

    Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) cases in Canada between 1976 and 1981 were primarily linked to menstruation and tampon use. Public health warnings were issued due to the unexpected incidence of this serious bacterial illness.

    Area of Science:

    • Infectious Diseases
    • Public Health Surveillance
    • Microbiology

    Background:

    • Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a rare but serious bacterial illness.
    • Concerns arose regarding the incidence of TSS in Canada during the late 1970s and early 1980s.
    • The role of specific products in TSS development was under investigation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To report the incidence and characteristics of toxic shock syndrome cases in Canada.
    • To identify risk factors associated with TSS, particularly menstrual-related cases.
    • To inform public health interventions and manufacturer responsibilities.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective case review of reported toxic shock syndrome cases in Canada from 1976 to October 1981.
    • Analysis of patient demographics, clinical associations (e.g., menstruation), and microbiological findings.

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  • Comparison of Canadian TSS incidence with that of the United States.

    • Main Results:

    • Fifty-three cases of TSS were reported in Canada between 1976 and October 1981.
    • A significant majority of menstrual-associated cases (37 of 38) occurred in tampon users.
    • Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from eight patients, with enterotoxin detected in seven.

    Conclusions:

    • Menstruation and tampon use were strongly associated with toxic shock syndrome in Canadian women.
    • Public health authorities recommended warning labels and package inserts for tampons.
    • The incidence of TSS in Canada did not align with the expected ratio based on communicable disease rates compared to the United States, highlighting a specific public health concern.