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Azotemia in cattle

D F Brobst, S M Parish, R L Torbeck

    Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
    |September 1, 1978
    PubMed
    Summary
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    This study analyzed bloodwork in 21 azotemic cattle, finding hypochloremia and altered calcium and phosphorus levels were common. However, biochemical data alone could not reliably distinguish the cause of azotemia in cattle.

    Area of Science:

    • Veterinary Medicine
    • Animal Biochemistry

    Background:

    • Azotemia, characterized by elevated blood urea nitrogen, is a common finding in cattle with various diseases.
    • Differentiating the origin of azotemia (prerenal, renal, or postrenal) is crucial for diagnosis and treatment.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate blood biochemical profiles in azotemic cattle.
    • To determine if specific biochemical markers can differentiate the origin of azotemia in cattle.

    Main Methods:

    • Blood samples were collected from 21 azotemic cattle (≥4 months old).
    • Biochemical analyses included blood urea nitrogen, electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride), calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and acid-base status.
    • Azotemia origin was determined through clinical assessment (prerenal vs. renal/postrenal).

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    Main Results:

    • Blood urea nitrogen concentrations varied widely (41–346 mg/dl).
    • Hypochloremia was the most consistent finding (n=21).
    • Abnormalities in calcium (hypocalcemia, n=16) and inorganic phosphorus (hyperphosphatemia, n=15) were frequent, with phosphorus often exceeding calcium (n=17).
    • Hyponatremia was observed in 9 cattle; potassium levels were variable.
    • Most cattle exhibited normal acid-base status or metabolic alkalosis.

    Conclusions:

    • Common biochemical findings in azotemic cattle include hypochloremia, altered calcium and phosphorus levels, and variable electrolyte status.
    • Blood biochemical data alone is insufficient to reliably distinguish between prerenal, renal, or postrenal azotemia in cattle.