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Anemia of spaceflight

M Tavassoli

    Blood
    |November 1, 1982
    PubMed
    Summary

    Spaceflight causes a deficit in red blood cell mass, known as astronaut anemia. This is linked to suppressed red blood cell production, potentially due to weightlessness, not just the spacecraft atmosphere.

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    Area of Science:

    • Space Medicine
    • Hematology
    • Physiology

    Background:

    • Astronaut anemia, a deficit in red cell mass, is observed during spaceflights.
    • This can be masked by reduced plasma volume, maintaining normal hematocrit and hemoglobin.
    • The Gemini program identified oxidative injury from a hypobaric hyperoxic atmosphere as a cause of hemolysis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the causes of red cell mass deficit during spaceflight.
    • To differentiate between atmospheric effects and other spaceflight-related factors.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of red cell mass, plasma volume, hematocrit, and hemoglobin during orbital flights.
    • Evaluation of reticulocyte counts and bone marrow erythroid activity.
    • Comparison of spaceflight data with ground-based experiments.

    Main Results:

    • Spacecraft atmosphere (hypobaric hyperoxia) caused red blood cell hemolysis during the Gemini program.
    • A similar, though lesser, deficit occurred in flights with normal oxygen and in Soviet flights.
    • This deficit was associated with suppressed erythropoiesis (reticulocytopenia, erythroid hypoplasia), unlike ground-based controls.
    • Suppressed erythropoiesis is linked to weightlessness, not atmospheric conditions.

    Conclusions:

    • Spaceflight-induced red cell mass deficit has multiple causes, including atmospheric effects and suppressed erythropoiesis.
    • Weightlessness appears to be the primary driver of erythropoiesis suppression.
    • The exact mechanism of weightlessness-induced suppression is unknown but may involve bone formation inhibition.

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