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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
The Availability Heuristic01:08

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A heuristic is a general problem-solving framework (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. Different types of heuristics are used in different types of situations, and the impulse to use a heuristic occurs when one of five conditions is met (Pratkanis, 1989):
Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in different ways based on the...
Determination of Expected Frequency01:08

Determination of Expected Frequency

Suppose one wants to test independence between the two variables of a contingency table. The values in the table constitute the observed frequencies of the dataset. But how does one determine the expected frequency of the dataset? One of the important assumptions is that the two variables are independent, which means the variables do not influence each other. For independent variables, the statistical probability of any event involving both variables is calculated by multiplying the individual...
Language and Cognition01:27

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
Serial Position Effect01:03

Serial Position Effect

The serial position effect is a cognitive phenomenon where individuals are more likely to recall the first and last items in a list compared to those in the middle. This effect is divided into the primacy effect and the recency effect. The primacy effect is observed when the initial items in a list are remembered better. This occurs because these items are rehearsed more frequently or receive more elaborative processing, allowing them to be encoded into long-term memory more effectively. For...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese
08:08

Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese

Published on: April 1, 2016

The word frequency effect and lexical access

J Segui, J Mehler, U Frauenfelder

    Neuropsychologia
    |January 1, 1982
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Recent experiments suggest word frequency effects only apply to open class words. However, our five French language experiments demonstrate that word frequency impacts both open and closed class words equally.

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    Area of Science:

    • Psycholinguistics
    • Cognitive Psychology
    • Language Processing

    Background:

    • Previous research indicated word frequency effects are limited to open class words.
    • Closed class items were hypothesized to be accessed independently of frequency.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the universality of word frequency effects across word classes.
    • To test the hypothesis that frequency effects are exclusive to open class words in French.

    Main Methods:

    • Conducted five experiments.
    • Utilized the French language for all experimental designs.
    • Analyzed word access patterns in relation to word frequency.

    Main Results:

    • Experimental results consistently showed a significant frequency effect.
    • The frequency effect was observed in both open class and closed class words.
    • This contradicts previous findings suggesting frequency effects are limited to open class words.

    Conclusions:

    • The frequency effect is not exclusive to open class words.
    • Word frequency influences the processing of both open and closed class items in French.
    • Findings challenge existing models of word recognition and access.