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Conditional fear, anxiety, and morphine-seeking behavior

H D Kimmel, M M Budrionis

    The Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science
    |July 1, 1981
    PubMed
    Summary

    Monkeys learned to control morphine self-administration using skin conductance. One monkey showed distinct autonomic responses, pressing a panel more during punishment to get morphine.

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    Area of Science:

    • Behavioral neuroscience
    • Psychopharmacology
    • Animal behavior

    Background:

    • Operant conditioning principles are crucial for understanding drug self-administration.
    • Autonomic responses can serve as instrumental behaviors in primates.
    • Morphine's effects on behavior are modulated by environmental contingencies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate if Cebus albifrons monkeys could learn to control morphine self-administration via operant conditioning.
    • To examine the role of autonomic responses (skin conductance) in mediating this behavior.
    • To differentiate behavioral and autonomic responses under avoidance versus punishment conditions.

    Main Methods:

    • Two Cebus albifrons monkeys underwent discriminative operant conditioning using visual stimuli.
    • Sidman avoidance and punishment contingencies were employed, with skin conductance as the instrumental response.
    • Morphine was automatically injected via surgically implanted catheters.
    • Self-administration was assessed by panel presses contingent on visual stimuli.

    Main Results:

    • One monkey exhibited significantly more skin conductance responses during avoidance than punishment, receiving more shocks.
    • This monkey also showed higher overall responding and heart rate.
    • The other monkey did not show significant autonomic differentiation and received equal shocks.
    • The differentiating monkey increasingly pressed the panel more during punishment than avoidance; the other monkey rarely pressed the panel.

    Conclusions:

    • Cebus albifrons monkeys can learn to associate autonomic responses with drug availability under complex operant schedules.
    • Autonomic differentiation may predict differential drug-seeking behavior.
    • Individual differences in autonomic responding influence the pattern of drug self-administration.

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