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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Renal Impairment01:17

Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Renal Impairment

Renal dysfunction significantly impairs the renal clearance of drugs, leading to potential complications in drug therapy. Renal failure, which can be caused by various factors, poses a significant challenge in the elimination of drugs from the body.
One condition associated with renal failure is uremia. Uremia is characterized by impaired glomerular filtration and fluid accumulation in the body. This condition hinders the renal clearance of drugs, resulting in drug accumulation and potential...
Renal Failure: Dose Adjustments01:11

Renal Failure: Dose Adjustments

In patients with renal impairment, drugs undergo significant changes in their pharmacokinetics, which require dosage adjustments to ensure safe and effective therapy.
Reduced renal clearance and elimination rate are common outcomes of renal impairment. These alterations lead to a prolonged elimination half-life and an altered apparent volume of distribution for drugs. As a result, dosage adjustments are typically necessary to maintain optimal drug levels in the body.
However, dosage adjustments...
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion01:18

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion

In geriatric patients, renal physiology undergoes significant changes, including diminished renal blood flow and a lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), leading to alterations in medication clearance. Drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, lithium, and digoxin, which rely on glomerular filtration for removal from the body, particularly impact pharmacokinetics. These drugs tend to have slower clearance rates in older adults, necessitating careful dosage considerations.Evaluation of renal...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment01:08

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment

Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...
Drug Dosing in Renal Diseases: Dose Adjustments Based on Drug Clearance and Elimination Rate Constant01:25

Drug Dosing in Renal Diseases: Dose Adjustments Based on Drug Clearance and Elimination Rate Constant

In patients with renal disease, dosage adjustments are necessary to maintain therapeutic plasma drug concentrations and prevent toxicity or subtherapeutic exposure. Renal impairment alters drug pharmacokinetics, especially in conditions like uremia, where changes such as prolonged elimination half-life and altered apparent volume of distribution can significantly affect drug disposition. These changes require careful modification of the dosing regimen to achieve the desired clinical...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

A Computerized Test Battery to Study Pharmacodynamic Effects on the Central Nervous System of Cholinergic Drugs in Early Phase Drug Development
07:02

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Published on: February 11, 2019

Pharmacokinetics of amantadine hydrochloride in subjects with normal and impaired renal function

V W Horadam, J G Sharp, J D Smilack

    Annals of Internal Medicine
    |April 1, 1981
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Amantadine elimination is significantly prolonged in patients with impaired renal function. Dosage adjustments are crucial for safe amantadine use in patients with kidney disease or undergoing hemodialysis.

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    Area of Science:

    • Pharmacokinetics
    • Nephrology
    • Infectious Diseases

    Background:

    • Amantadine is an antiviral and antiparkinsonian agent.
    • Its elimination is primarily renal.
    • Dosage guidelines for renal impairment are lacking.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To compare amantadine pharmacokinetics in normal renal function versus impaired renal function.
    • To evaluate amantadine removal during hemodialysis.
    • To provide dosing guidelines for patients with renal insufficiency.

    Main Methods:

    • Pharmacokinetic analysis of amantadine in subjects with normal and impaired renal function.
    • Study of amantadine removal during hemodialysis.
    • Calculation of elimination half-lives.

    Main Results:

    • Amantadine half-life increased from 11.8 hours in normal subjects to 18.5 hours - 33.8 days in renal insufficiency.
    • Hemodialysis removed less than 5% of amantadine per session.
    • Mean half-life during hemodialysis was 8.3 days.

    Conclusions:

    • Amantadine has a prolonged elimination half-life in patients with renal impairment.
    • Hemodialysis is not effective for significant amantadine removal.
    • Dosing guidelines are proposed for amantadine in renal impairment and hemodialysis patients.