Improving intramuscular pH needle electrode stability

An improved design for an intramuscular pH needle electrode, which slows the rate of accumulation of protein deposits and increases the stability of the needle electrodes, has been developed. To further stabilize the electrode, a counter EMF pulsing technique was also developed. As presently fabricated and used, needle electrodes remain stable for months in nonprotein solutions and for about 53 hours in albumin solutions.