Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Robot-Assisted Kidney Transplantation
Published on: July 19, 2021
Abstract:
The use of various vasoactive drugs in the angiographic investigation of renal pathology is discussed. It is concluded that vasoconstrictors (e.g., angiotensin) are to be preferred in order to demonstrate neovascularity, whereas vasodilators yield more information about "medical diseases" of the kidney. In spite of the increased use of noninvasive techniques such as ultrasound and computed tomography, it is suggested that pharmacoangiography will still remain a valuable tool in the diagnostic armamentarium of urologic radiologists.
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The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space on either side of the vertebral column, protected posteriorly by the 11th and 12th ribs. The right kidney sits slightly lower than the left owing to the presence of the liver...
Internal Anatomy of the Kidney
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The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs positioned against the posterior abdominal wall on either side of the spine, roughly between the twelfth thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae. Each kidney is typically 10-12 cm long, 5-6 cm wide, and 3-4 cm thick, weighing about 150 grams.
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The outermost region of the kidney is the...

