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Related Concept Videos

The Hyoid Bone01:12

The Hyoid Bone

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The hyoid bone is a small U-shaped bone located in the upper neck at the level of the inferior mandible, with its tips pointing posteriorly. It does not directly articulate with any other bone in the body. The hyoid acts as the attachment site for the tongue, the larynx, and the pharynx. It is held in position by a series of small muscles attached from above or below. These muscles help to move the hyoid up/down or forward/back in coordination with movements of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx...
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Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

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The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
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Muscles of the Anterior Neck01:26

Muscles of the Anterior Neck

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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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Muscles that Move the Head01:19

Muscles that Move the Head

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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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Cranial Nerves: Types Part II01:22

Cranial Nerves: Types Part II

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)
Cranial nerve VII, or the facial nerve,...
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Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

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The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 4, 2026

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology
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Torus mandibularis among Icelanders

G Axelsson, B Hedegård

    American Journal of Physical Anthropology
    |March 1, 1981
    PubMed
    Summary

    Torus mandibularis, a bony growth in the jaw, occurred in Icelandic schoolchildren with variations by region and age. Environmental factors likely influence its prevalence, with single, symmetrical growths appearing earlier and more frequently.

    Area of Science:

    • Human anatomy and physiology
    • Anthropology
    • Dental anthropology

    Background:

    • Torus mandibularis is a common bony exostosis.
    • Its prevalence and characteristics can vary geographically and with age.
    • Understanding these variations is crucial for anthropological and dental studies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the occurrence, prevalence, and characteristics of torus mandibularis in Icelandic schoolchildren.
    • To examine potential associations with age, sex, and geographical location.
    • To explore the influence of environmental factors on torus mandibularis incidence.

    Main Methods:

    • A survey of 976 Icelandic schoolchildren (489 male, 487 female).
    • Data collection on the presence, location, and characteristics of torus mandibularis.

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  • Statistical analysis to identify significant differences and associations.

    • Main Results:

    • No significant sexual dimorphism was observed in torus mandibularis occurrence.
    • Statistically significant differences in prevalence were found between different geographical areas.
    • A highly significant positive association between age and the frequency and size of torus mandibularis was observed.
    • Single tori were more prevalent and appeared earlier than multiple tori.
    • Symmetrical occurrence was most common, with unilateral cases more frequent on the right side.

    Conclusions:

    • Age and geographical location are significant factors influencing torus mandibularis.
    • Environmental factors appear to play a substantial role in the incidence of torus mandibularis among Icelanders.
    • Secular changes suggest ongoing environmental influences on this anatomical trait.