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Related Concept Videos

Hardy-Weinberg Principle01:49

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the gene pool of the population. The gene pool of a population is the sum of every allele of all genes within that population and has some degree of variation. Genetic variation is typically expressed as a relative frequency, which is the percentage of the total population that has a given allele, genotype or phenotype.In the early 20th century,...
Law of Segregation01:49

Law of Segregation

When crossing pea plants, Mendel noticed that one of the parental traits would sometimes disappear in the first generation of offspring, called the F1 generation, and could reappear in the next generation (F2). He concluded that one of the traits must be dominant over the other, thereby causing masking of one trait in the F1 generation. When he crossed the F1 plants, he found that 75% of the offspring in the F2 generation had the dominant phenotype, while 25% had the recessive phenotype.
Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
Trihybrid Crosses02:27

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal chance to...
Meiosis vs. Mitosis02:57

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
Before the start of mitosis and meiosis I, the cell synthesizes DNA, resulting in two homologous copies of each chromosome. DNA synthesis is...
Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 9, 2026

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans
07:54

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: March 15, 2018

Twinning rate and reproduction failures

P Lazar, D Hemon, C Berger

    Progress in Clinical and Biological Research
    |January 1, 1978
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Spontaneous abortion of one zygote explains key features of dizygotic twinning, including age-related decreases and variations. The dizygotic twinning rate aids in studying reproductive failure causes.

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    Published on: June 14, 2020

    Area of Science:

    • Reproductive epidemiology
    • Human genetics
    • Maternal-fetal medicine

    Background:

    • Dizygotic twinning (DT) exhibits complex epidemiologic patterns.
    • Factors influencing DT rates are not fully understood.
    • Reproductive failure is a significant concern in human reproduction.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the role of spontaneous zygote abortion in dizygotic twinning.
    • To explain epidemiologic variations in dizygotic twinning.
    • To highlight the utility of dizygotic twinning rates in reproductive failure research.

    Main Methods:

    • Epidemiologic analysis of dizygotic twinning data.
    • Statistical modeling to assess spontaneous abortion effects.
    • Comparative studies across different populations and time periods.

    Main Results:

    • Spontaneous abortion of one zygote significantly explains DT epidemiologic features.
    • DT rates decrease with increasing maternal age.
    • DT rates show notable spatial and secular variations.

    Conclusions:

    • Spontaneous zygote abortion is a crucial factor in understanding dizygotic twinning.
    • The dizygotic twinning rate serves as a valuable indicator for studying reproductive failure etiology.
    • Further research into zygote viability and twinning is warranted.