Female relative hypospadias: clinicopathologic features

Female relative hypospadias is claimed to be uncommon, and its relation to recurrent lower urinary tract infection is controversial. The pathologic features in 32 females are presented with respect to findings in the lower urinary tract. This series revealed 3 cases of female relative hypospadias, 2 of which showed evidence of persistent cystitis. Although this study is limited, the findings are suggestive of a clinicopathologic relationship between the two conditions and a wider clinical study is recommended.