Effectiveness of one tube osmotic fragility screening in detecting beta-thalassaemia trait

The effectiveness of the one tube method of osmotic fragility with three buffered solutions (0.32% saline, 0.36% saline, and tyrode) as a screening test for beta-thalassaemia trait was evaluated in several groups of subjects from Greece, Yugoslavia, and Thailand. The results clearly demonstrated that 0.36% saline is the most sensitive and effective solution since it could detect 96 to 100% of heterozygotes with beta-thalassaemia, compared to about 80% with both 0.32% saline and tyrode. However, 0.36% saline gave false positive results in normal subjects and was also positive in haematological disorders which influence osmotic fragility. The screening test with 0.36% saline was applied more precisely in 1371 subjects. The test was false positive in 41 (9.1%) of 455 normal subjects while of 438 confirmed heterozygotes with beta-thalassaemia it was positive in 431 (98%) and negative in only seven (2%). The test was also found to be positive in 80% of patients with iron deficiency anaemia and alpha-thalassaemia trait, in 68% of patients with Hb E trait, in 40% of patients with Hb S trait, and in 78% of heterozygotes with rare haemoglobin variants. The increased sensitivity and effectiveness of 0.36% saline in detecting beta-thalassaemia trait and other disorders influencing osmotic fragility as compared to 0.32% saline and tyrode solutions was also confirmed in a study of 384 unselected schoolchildren.