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Brain evolution in extinct South American ungulates

L Radinsky

    Brain, Behavior and Evolution
    |January 1, 1981
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Extinct South American ungulates show significant brain evolution, with increased brain size and neocortex expansion evident 35 million years ago. Distinct neocortical folding patterns differentiate these ancient mammals from other ungulate groups.

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    Area of Science:

    • Paleontology
    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Neuroscience

    Background:

    • South American ungulates represent a unique evolutionary radiation.
    • Understanding their brain evolution provides insights into mammalian diversification.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate evolutionary trends in brain size and neocortical development in extinct South American ungulates.
    • To compare the endocranial morphology of South American ungulates with Holarctic ungulates.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of endocasts from 27 genera of extinct South American ungulates spanning nearly 55 million years.
    • Comparative analysis of neocortical folding patterns and relative brain size.

    Main Results:

    • Evidence of increased relative brain size and neocortex expansion in South American ungulates, reaching advanced levels by 35 million years ago.

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  • Distinct neocortical folding patterns were identified, differentiating notoungulates and litopterns from each other and from Holarctic ungulates.
  • Relative brain size was comparable to that of northern ungulates, which achieved modern levels around 30 million years ago.

    • Conclusions:

    • South American ungulates exhibited significant brain evolution, including advanced neocortical development.
    • Neocortical folding patterns serve as a distinguishing feature among different ungulate groups.
    • Brain evolution in South American ungulates paralleled that of their northern counterparts.