Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

19.9K
Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...
19.9K
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

13.3K
Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
13.3K
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

4.5K
During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
4.5K
Ribozymes02:47

Ribozymes

10.0K
The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
Ribozymes can...
10.0K
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

3.1K
The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...
3.1K
Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

3.2K
Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
3.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Measurement of D^{0} Meson Photoproduction in Ultraperipheral Heavy Ion Collisions.

Physical review letters·2026
Same author

[Oropharyngeal dysphagia as a neurogeriatric syndrome].

Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie·2026
Same author

Observation of tWZ Production at the CMS Experiment.

Physical review letters·2026
Same author

First Exclusive Reconstruction of the B^{*+}, B^{*0}, and B_{s}^{*0} Mesons and Precise Measurement of Their Masses.

Physical review letters·2026
Same author

Simultaneous Probe of the Charm and Bottom Quark Yukawa Couplings Using tt[over ¯]H Events.

Physical review letters·2026
Same author

Observation of Coherent ϕ(1020) Meson Photoproduction in Ultraperipheral PbPb Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.36  TeV.

Physical review letters·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Fast and Efficient Expression of Multiple Proteins in Avian Embryos Using mRNA Electroporation
09:40

Fast and Efficient Expression of Multiple Proteins in Avian Embryos Using mRNA Electroporation

Published on: June 7, 2019

7.0K

Multiple mRNAs are generated from the chicken lysozyme gene

M Grez, H Land, K Giesecke

    Cell
    |September 1, 1981
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers sequenced the chicken lysozyme gene, revealing its 5' noncoding region has variable lengths. This finding impacts understanding of gene regulation and transcription initiation in chickens.

    More Related Videos

    In Ovo Intravascular Injection in Chicken Embryos
    07:00

    In Ovo Intravascular Injection in Chicken Embryos

    Published on: June 3, 2022

    6.8K
    Author Spotlight: Investigating Lens Development and Function Through Microinjection of RCAS(A) Retrovirus in Embryonic Chicken Lens
    04:58

    Author Spotlight: Investigating Lens Development and Function Through Microinjection of RCAS(A) Retrovirus in Embryonic Chicken Lens

    Published on: September 1, 2023

    2.0K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: May 2, 2026

    Fast and Efficient Expression of Multiple Proteins in Avian Embryos Using mRNA Electroporation
    09:40

    Fast and Efficient Expression of Multiple Proteins in Avian Embryos Using mRNA Electroporation

    Published on: June 7, 2019

    7.0K
    In Ovo Intravascular Injection in Chicken Embryos
    07:00

    In Ovo Intravascular Injection in Chicken Embryos

    Published on: June 3, 2022

    6.8K
    Author Spotlight: Investigating Lens Development and Function Through Microinjection of RCAS(A) Retrovirus in Embryonic Chicken Lens
    04:58

    Author Spotlight: Investigating Lens Development and Function Through Microinjection of RCAS(A) Retrovirus in Embryonic Chicken Lens

    Published on: September 1, 2023

    2.0K

    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Genetics
    • Biochemistry

    Background:

    • The chicken lysozyme gene is a well-studied model for gene expression.
    • Understanding gene regulation requires detailed analysis of flanking DNA sequences and mRNA structures.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the DNA sequence of the 5' flanking region of the chicken lysozyme gene.
    • To investigate the heterogeneity of the 5' noncoding region of chicken lysozyme messenger RNA (mRNA).
    • To identify potential regulatory elements involved in transcription initiation.

    Main Methods:

    • DNA sequencing of a Pst 1 fragment containing the 5' flanking region.
    • S1-nuclease mapping to precisely locate the 5' ends of nuclear RNA and mRNA.
    • Sequence analysis to identify conserved motifs and compare with other genes.

    Main Results:

    • The 5' flanking region of the chicken lysozyme gene was sequenced.
    • Evidence was found for heterogeneous lengths in the 5' noncoding region of lysozyme mRNA, with termini mapping at 29, 31, and 53 nucleotides upstream of the initiation codon.
    • AT-rich regions resembling bacterial RNA polymerase binding sites, but lacking the canonical TATA box, were identified near the transcription start sites.
    • Limited homology was observed when comparing the 5' ends of lysozyme, conalbumin, and ovalbumin genes.

    Conclusions:

    • The chicken lysozyme mRNA exhibits significant 5' end heterogeneity.
    • The identified regulatory sequences suggest a unique mechanism for transcription initiation in this gene.
    • Comparative sequence analysis provides insights into conserved regulatory elements across related genes.