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Alternate complement pathway activation by recluse spider venom

G Kurpiewski, B J Campbell, L J Forrester

    International Journal of Tissue Reactions
    |March 1, 1981
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Brown recluse spider venom activates the immune system's alternate complement pathway. This venom component triggers red blood cell lysis, indicating a novel mechanism for complement activation.

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Toxicology
    • Biochemistry

    Background:

    • The brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) possesses venom with known toxic properties.
    • The complement system is a crucial part of the innate immune system, with distinct activation pathways.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the effect of Loxosceles reclusa venom on the human complement system.
    • To determine the specific pathway of complement activation induced by the venom.

    Main Methods:

    • Incubation of dithiothreitol-treated human erythrocytes with venom and serum complement.
    • Fractionation of venom using Sephadex G-75 and isoelectric focusing.
    • Analysis of complement components (C3) and activators using haemolytic assays and immunoelectrophoresis.

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    Main Results:

    • Venom-induced erythrocyte lysis occurred only with active serum complement, not heat-inactivated serum.
    • The complement-activating activity was localized to a venom fraction containing dermonecrotoxin.
    • Analysis revealed a loss of hemolytic C3 and the appearance of a C3 activator in venom-complement mixtures.

    Conclusions:

    • Loxosceles reclusa venom activates the alternate pathway of the complement system.
    • The venom contains molecules that directly initiate complement cascade.
    • This finding sheds light on the immunological interactions of spider venoms.