Induction of invagination in insect epithelium: paradigm for embryonic invagination

The proposal that adhesive disparities between inpocketing populations of cells and surrounding epithelia drive epithelial invagination was tested in grafting experiments with moth pupal wing epithelium. Evidence exists that a cellular adhesiveness gradient spans the proximodistal axis of the wing. Although pupal wing cells normally do not invaginate or evaginate, epithelial folding can be induced after exchange of grafts from opposite ends of the proximodistal axis. The hypothesis that cytoskeletal elements are the primary agents in epithelial invagination should be reevaluated.