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Cognitive development and female psychology

M A Silverman

    Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
    |January 1, 1981
    PubMed
    Summary

    Female gender identity develops early, influenced by cognitive factors, not just biology. Psychoanalytic insights challenge Freud's views on female psychology, offering new perspectives on development.

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    Area of Science:

    • Psychoanalytic Psychology
    • Developmental Psychology
    • Cognitive Psychology

    Background:

    • Sigmund Freud's theories on female psychology, including penis envy and the Oedipus complex, are being re-evaluated.
    • Traditional psychoanalytic views centered on biological determinism and male psychology.

    Observation:

    • Core feminine gender identity emerges early, shaped by cognitive development and learning.
    • Early childhood cognitive organization influences a girl's understanding of gender categories.
    • Maternal and paternal influences significantly shape a girl's self-image and self-esteem.

    Findings:

    • The discovery of genital differences can lead to narcissistic injury and a "castration reaction" in girls.
    • Factors influencing the intensity and resolution of this reaction are multifaceted.
    • Masochism, narcissistic vulnerability, and penis envy are not exclusive to females nor inevitable developmental outcomes.

    Implications:

    • Psychoanalytic interpretations of female psychopathology require a broader understanding beyond penis envy.
    • Addressing the multiple sources of symptomatology is crucial for effective treatment.
    • Exploration of diverse developmental factors facilitates emotional growth and resolves psychological distress.

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