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Sampling Methods: Sample Types

Sampling Methods: Sample Types

Sampling materials are classified into three main types: solid, liquid, and gas.
Solid samples include a variety of substances, such as sediments from water bodies, soil, metals, and biological tissues. Two standard methods for extracting sediments from water bodies are grab sampling and piston coring. Grab sampling involves using a device to collect a discrete sediment sample from the bottom of a water body with minimal disturbance. Grab samples do not always represent the entire area due to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 8, 2025

Protocol for Assessing the Relative Effects of Environment and Genetics on Antler and Body Growth for a Long-lived Cervid

Protocol for Assessing the Relative Effects of Environment and Genetics on Antler and Body Growth for a Long-lived Cervid

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Urine sampling techniques for captive white-tailed deer

R J Warren, J B Whelan

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

|July 1, 1981

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Collecting urine from white-tailed deer for nutritional studies is possible using urethral catheterization for females. Male fawns and adults can be induced to urinate using furosemide or xylazine hydrochloride, respectively.

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Area of Science:

Wildlife nutrition
Animal physiology
Veterinary science

Background:

Nutritional studies in captive wildlife require reliable methods for biological sample collection.
Urine analysis is crucial for assessing metabolic status and physiological responses in animals.
Non-invasive or minimally invasive urine collection methods are preferred for ethical and practical reasons in research settings.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the efficacy of three distinct urine sampling techniques in captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).
To determine the feasibility of using pharmacological agents to induce urination for sample collection in male deer.
To assess the variability in individual responses to induced urination for optimizing experimental design.

Main Methods:

Urine collection via urethral catheterization in female white-tailed deer.
Pharmacological induction of urination in male fawns using furosemide.
Pharmacological induction of urination in adult male white-tailed deer using xylazine hydrochloride.
Statistical analysis of drug response variability and timing.

Main Results:

Urethral catheterization was successful for urine collection in female deer.
Furosemide induced urination in male fawns within approximately 36 minutes, with significant individual variations observed (P < 0.05).
Xylazine hydrochloride induced urination in adult males around 92 minutes post-injection, showing significant differences among individuals and months (P < 0.01).

Conclusions:

Urethral catheterization is a viable method for obtaining urine samples from female white-tailed deer.
Pharmacological induction offers a practical approach for urine collection in male deer, though individual variability necessitates careful experimental planning.
These methods enhance the ability to conduct detailed nutritional and physiological research in captive white-tailed deer populations.