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Serial position effects in young children: temporal or spatial?

R M Brown, N L Brown, M Caci

    Child Development
    |January 1, 1981
    PubMed
    Summary

    Children

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    Area of Science:

    • Cognitive Psychology
    • Developmental Psychology

    Background:

    • Children's memory performance in pictorial tasks often shows primacy and recency effects.
    • The role of spatial distinctiveness versus temporal order in these effects is debated.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate whether spatial distinctiveness or temporal order primarily drives primacy and recency effects in children's pictorial memory.
    • To examine how age influences these memory effects.

    Main Methods:

    • Three experiments were conducted with children aged 3, 5, and 8 years.
    • The correspondence between spatial location and temporal position of pictorial items was systematically manipulated.
    • A probe-type pictorial memory task was employed.

    Main Results:

    • Strong primacy and recency effects were observed when spatial and temporal orders were confounded.
    • When separated, consistent temporal recency was found, but temporal primacy was weak or absent.
    • Little evidence supported primacy/recency effects solely from spatial location.
    • No significant age interactions with serial position were detected.

    Conclusions:

    • Spatial distinctiveness alone does not fully explain children's primacy and recency in this task.
    • Children, including preschoolers, can effectively code temporal order alongside pictorial and location information.

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