Mouth and nose resistance in newborn kittens and puppies

Newborn mammals, including infants, have difficulties in mouth breathing when the nasal passages are occluded. In this study we examined the possibility that differences in the passive mechanical properties of the upper airways could fully explain this behavior. Steady inspiratory flows through the upper airways in anesthetized supine newborn kittens and puppies resulted in upper airway obstruction, even at flows less than those occurring during resting breathing, suggesting that in the unanesthetized condition muscle tone plays an important role in maintaining upper airway patency. Mouth (Rm) and nose (Rn) resistances have been measured during steady expiratory flows with nostrils closed and mouth passively open or nostrils open and mouth closed. In all the newborns, Rn was substantially smaller than Rm. In contrast, the Rn/Rm in adult dogs is greater than unity. In adult cats Rn/Rm is above or below unity depending upon the flow rate, but the ratio is always larger than in newborn kittens. The difference between newborns and adults is entirely due to the small Rn of the newborn, as Rm is not greater in the newborn than in the adult. We conclude that the obligatory nose breathing behavior of newborns is not fully explained by the passive mechanical properties of the upper airways.