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Muscle water and electrolyte distribution during prolonged exercise

D L Costill, R Coté, W J Fink

    International Journal of Sports Medicine
    |August 1, 1981
    PubMed
    Summary

    Prolonged cycling exercise significantly alters body water and electrolyte balance in active muscles, but not inactive ones. These physiological changes during exercise do not affect muscle membrane potential.

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    Area of Science:

    • Exercise Physiology
    • Sports Science
    • Human Physiology

    Background:

    • Understanding hydration and electrolyte balance is crucial for athletic performance and health.
    • Prolonged physical exertion leads to significant fluid and electrolyte loss.
    • The impact of these losses on muscle tissue composition and function requires detailed investigation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To quantify changes in water and electrolyte content in active and inactive muscles during prolonged cycling.
    • To assess the impact of exercise-induced dehydration and electrolyte loss on muscle tissue.
    • To determine if these changes affect muscle membrane potential.

    Main Methods:

    • Seven healthy men underwent 120 minutes of cycling exercise.
    • Muscle biopsy samples (deltoid and vastus lateralis) were collected at various time points: pre-exercise, 10 min, 120 min, and 30 min post-exercise.

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  • Blood samples were also analyzed, alongside body weight and plasma volume measurements.

    • Main Results:

    • Active muscle tissue and blood showed significant changes in water and electrolyte content with exercise onset; inactive muscle remained unaffected.
    • Subjects lost an average of 2.40 L body water and substantial amounts of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), and magnesium (Mg++).
    • These water and electrolyte losses were not detectable within the sampled muscle tissue post-exercise or during recovery, and did not alter muscle membrane potential.

    Conclusions:

    • Prolonged exercise causes significant body water and electrolyte depletion, primarily affecting active muscle and blood compartments.
    • Despite substantial losses, muscle tissue water and electrolyte concentrations remain relatively stable during and shortly after exercise.
    • Exercise-induced dehydration and electrolyte loss do not appear to alter the calculated membrane potential of active or inactive muscles.