Raynaud's disease and phenomenon

Episodic digital ischemia may be an isolated abnormality, a symptom of systemic illness or the result of trauma, pharmacologic toxicity, atherosclerosis or Buerger's disease. A complete history and physical examination often provide adequate information for diagnosis. Laboratory evaluation usually confirms the presence of a systemic process, such as one of the rheumatologic disorders or a monoclonal gammopathy. Approaches to therapy differ, depending on the underlying process. In Raynaud's vasospasm, the results of pharmacologic therapy and/or sympathectomy are disappointing; avoidance of smoking and conservation of body heat are essential.