Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Hepatic Drug Excretion: Influencing Factors

Hepatic Drug Excretion: Influencing Factors

The biliary system of the liver, crucial for bile secretion and drug excretion, comprises intrahepatic bile ducts that merge to form the common hepatic duct. This duct, carrying hepatic bile, combines with the cystic duct, draining the gallbladder and forming the common bile duct, which empties into the duodenum. Bile, produced by hepatic cells lining the bile canaliculi, is composed primarily of water, bile salts, pigments, electrolytes, and lesser amounts of cholesterol and fatty acids. Bile...

Renal Failure: Dose Adjustments

Renal Failure: Dose Adjustments

In patients with renal impairment, drugs undergo significant changes in their pharmacokinetics, which require dosage adjustments to ensure safe and effective therapy.
Reduced renal clearance and elimination rate are common outcomes of renal impairment. These alterations lead to a prolonged elimination half-life and an altered apparent volume of distribution for drugs. As a result, dosage adjustments are typically necessary to maintain optimal drug levels in the body.
However, dosage adjustments...

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug...

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Active Drug, Metabolite and Fraction of Metabolized Drug

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Active Drug, Metabolite and Fraction of Metabolized Drug

In pharmacotherapy, monitoring drug concentrations is paramount, especially for drugs whose therapeutic effects hinge on both the active compound and its metabolite. Hepatic impairment profoundly influences drug potency by altering liver function. If the drug is more potent than its metabolite, impaired liver function amplifies drug activity due to elevated drug concentration levels. Conversely, if the metabolite holds greater potency, diminished liver function diminishes drug activity by...

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess...

Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

Phase II biotransformation reactions are essential for detoxifying and eliminating xenobiotics, including many pharmaceutical compounds. These reactions typically involve conjugation, the covalent attachment of polar endogenous groups such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, methyl, or acetyl moieties to functional groups introduced during Phase I metabolism. The resulting conjugates are more water-soluble, enabling efficient renal or biliary excretion.The major classes of Phase II enzymes include...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

School is more than a place to learn: An intersectoral assessment of adolescent well-being prior to and after the COVID-19 pandemic in the WHO European Region.

Public health in practice (Oxford, England)·2025

Same author

Ultrafast phonon-mediated dephasing of color centers in hexagonal boron nitride probed by electron beams.

Nature communications·2025

Same author

3D printer emissions elicit filament-specific and dose-dependent metabolic and genotoxic effects in human airway epithelial cells.

Frontiers in public health·2024

Same author

What's love got to do with it? Exploring social love and public health.

Perspectives in public health·2024

Same author

Relationship between in feed drugs, antibiotics and organic enrichment in marine sediments at Canadian Atlantic salmon aquaculture sites.

Marine pollution bulletin·2023

Same author

Metabolization of emamectin benzoate into desmethyl emamectin benzoate in spiked marine sediments.

Chemosphere·2022

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

The Dimethylnitrosamine Induced Liver Fibrosis Model in the Rat

The Dimethylnitrosamine Induced Liver Fibrosis Model in the Rat

Published on: June 17, 2016

Nitrofurantoin-induced chronic active hepatitis

M Black, L Rabin, N Schatz

Annals of Internal Medicine

|January 1, 1980

Summary

Prolonged use of macrocrystalline nitrofurantoin can trigger a hepatitis-like syndrome. This drug-induced liver injury resolved after stopping the medication, but immune markers persisted, suggesting an autoimmune response.

Area of Science:

Hepatology
Clinical Pharmacology
Immunology

Background:

Chronic active hepatitis (CAH) is an autoimmune liver disease.
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) can mimic autoimmune hepatitis.
Nitrofurantoin is a common antibiotic used for urinary tract infections.

Observation:

Two patients on long-term macrocrystalline nitrofurantoin developed symptoms mimicking lupoid hepatitis.
Hepatocellular necrosis markers improved after nitrofurantoin withdrawal.
Smooth muscle antibodies (SMAs) and antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) remained elevated for over a year.

Findings:

The clinical and biochemical presentation simulated autoimmune hepatitis.
Persistent autoantibodies (SMAs, ANAs) suggest a prolonged immune response.

More Related Videos

Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms

Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms

Published on: May 29, 2020

NMR-Based Activity Assays for Determining Compound Inhibition, IC50 Values, Artifactual Activity, and Whole-Cell Activity of Nucleoside Ribohydrolases

NMR-Based Activity Assays for Determining Compound Inhibition, IC50 Values, Artifactual Activity, and Whole-Cell Activity of Nucleoside Ribohydrolases

Published on: June 30, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 5, 2026

The Dimethylnitrosamine Induced Liver Fibrosis Model in the Rat

The Dimethylnitrosamine Induced Liver Fibrosis Model in the Rat

Published on: June 17, 2016

Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms

Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms

Published on: May 29, 2020

NMR-Based Activity Assays for Determining Compound Inhibition, IC50 Values, Artifactual Activity, and Whole-Cell Activity of Nucleoside Ribohydrolases

NMR-Based Activity Assays for Determining Compound Inhibition, IC50 Values, Artifactual Activity, and Whole-Cell Activity of Nucleoside Ribohydrolases

Published on: June 30, 2019

A positive lymphocyte transformation test in one patient indicates cell-mediated immunity.

Implications:

Macrocrystalline nitrofurantoin can induce an autoimmune-like hepatitis.
Discontinuation of the drug is crucial for recovery from nitrofurantoin-induced liver injury.
The findings highlight the potential for drug-induced immune-mediated liver disease.