Combined embolization and operation in the treatment of cervical arteriovenous malformations

The effectiveness of a combined approach of embolization and operation for cervical vascular malformations is stressed. Lesions that seem to be inoperable may have their blood flow sufficiently reduced by preoperative embolization to allow surgical extirpation. Polyvinyl alcohol foam is an ideal embolic agent; not only may it be used preoperatively, but its permanency allows it to be used for primary therapy.