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Second-order appetitive conditioning in goldfish

T W Amiro, M E Bitterman

    Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes
    |January 1, 1980
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Goldfish demonstrated sustained second-order appetitive conditioning, where diffuse colors predicted food. However, attempts to link these colors to specific line stimuli were unsuccessful, suggesting a stimulus-response reinforcement interpretation.

    Area of Science:

    • Behavioral neuroscience
    • Animal learning and behavior

    Background:

    • Second-order conditioning involves learning associations between stimuli.
    • Appetitive conditioning utilizes rewarding unconditioned stimuli.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate second-order appetitive conditioning in goldfish.
    • To explore the association between first-order and second-order conditioned stimuli.

    Main Methods:

    • Goldfish were subjected to conditioning experiments using visual stimuli (lines, colors) and food rewards.
    • Target striking behavior was measured as the conditioned response.
    • Sensory preconditioning and first-order revaluation experiments were conducted.

    Main Results:

    • Sustained second-order conditioning was successfully demonstrated.

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  • No evidence of a specific line-color association was found in subsequent experiments.
  • The stimulus-response reinforcement principle best explained the observed conditioning.

    • Conclusions:

    • Second-order appetitive conditioning is achievable in goldfish.
    • The reinforcing properties acquired by first-order stimuli strengthen responses to second-order stimuli.