Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 19, 2026

A Multi-Modal Approach to Assessing Recovery in Youth Athletes Following Concussion
Published on: September 25, 2014
Cardiologic assessment in participants of Pop Warner Junior League football
Abstract:
Physical examinations and electrocardiograms were performed on 50 young men in preseason training for Pop Warner Football. Functional murmurs were found in 52%. The majority of electrocardiographic findings were within the accepted normal range for nonathletes but some were consistent with findings in trained athletes. Awareness of these normal variations is important for proper assessment of prospective and participating athletes.
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Pulse Assessment Sites
Assessment of apical pulse
Assessing the apical pulse is a critical nursing procedure, particularly indicated for:
Assessment of apical radial pulse
The A-R pulse assessment involves simultaneous evaluation of the apical and radial pulses. When the apical and radial pulse rates vary, this assessment helps identify a pulse deficit.
Pre-Procedural Preparation
Assessment of the Cardiovascular System I: Subjective Data
Initial Enquiry
Ask the patient about their primary concern and thoroughly explore all reported symptoms.
Medical History
Investigate past illnesses affecting the cardiovascular system, such as angina, anemia, rheumatic fever, congenital heart disease, stroke, thrombophlebitis, dysrhythmias, varicosities
Inquire about symptoms...
Assessment of the Cardiovascular System IV: Auscultation
Normal Heart Sounds
S1 (First Heart Sound)-
S1 is made by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves (atrioventricular valves), marking the beginning of systole.
S2 (Second Heart Sound)-
S2 is made by the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves (semilunar valves), marking the end of the systole.
Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management