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Related Concept Videos

Absolute and Local Extreme Values01:22

Absolute and Local Extreme Values

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The highest and lowest values of a function, relative to a reference axis, are known as extreme values. These include absolute maximum and absolute minimum values, which represent the highest and lowest points the function reaches across its entire domain. Within a restricted portion of the function, the highest and lowest values are referred to as local maximum and local minimum values, respectively.Periodic functions, such as sine and cosine, show extreme values at infinitely many points due...
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Local attraction refers to disturbances in compass readings caused by magnetic influences from nearby objects such as metal fences, buried pipes, vehicles, buildings, power lines, or natural iron ore deposits. Small items like wristwatches, steel tools, or belt buckles can also interfere with the compass by creating local magnetic fields that distort the Earth's natural magnetic field. These distortions lead to inaccurate readings, posing navigation and land surveying challenges.Local...
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The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
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Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
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Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action01:23

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Local anesthetics (LAs) block sensory and motor impulses by inhibiting the sodium channels on the nerve cell membranes. This induces temporary loss of sensation, relieving pain in a specific body area.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Interphase Fluorescence in situ Hybridization of Bone Marrow Smears of Multiple Myeloma
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Localized and indolent myeloma

R Alexanian

    Blood
    |September 1, 1980
    PubMed
    Summary

    Localized plasmacytoma and indolent multiple myeloma patients can avoid chemotherapy for years. Delaying treatment until disease progression does not negatively impact long-term outcomes for these specific myeloma types.

    Area of Science:

    • Hematology
    • Oncology
    • Clinical Medicine

    Background:

    • Distinguishing localized plasmacytoma and indolent multiple myeloma is crucial for treatment decisions.
    • These conditions represent low tumor burden plasma cell disorders that may not require immediate chemotherapy.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To establish criteria for identifying patients with localized plasmacytoma or indolent multiple myeloma eligible for long-term follow-up without chemotherapy.
    • To evaluate the impact of delayed chemotherapy on the long-term outcomes of these patients.

    Main Methods:

    • Defined specific criteria for patient selection, including asymptomatic status, hemoglobin levels, and number of lytic bone lesions.
    • Monitored Bence Jones protein levels and myeloma protein levels as indicators of disease progression.

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  • Assessed the impact of radiotherapy on myeloma protein reduction in localized disease.
  • Compared survival outcomes between patients receiving delayed chemotherapy and those treated promptly for overt multiple myeloma.

    • Main Results:

    • Criteria were established for 29 patients with localized plasmacytoma and 20 with indolent multiple myeloma.
    • Patients with indolent myeloma were asymptomatic, had hemoglobin >10 g/dl, and ≤3 lytic bone lesions.
    • High Bence Jones protein levels (>200 mg/day) often preceded progression within 2 years.
    • Radiotherapy effectively reduced myeloma proteins in localized disease, allowing long-term control.
    • Median time without chemotherapy was 8 years for localized disease and 3 years for indolent myeloma.
    • Delayed chemotherapy did not affect long-term survival compared to prompt treatment.

    Conclusions:

    • Specific criteria allow for the identification of patients with localized plasmacytoma and indolent multiple myeloma who can safely defer chemotherapy.
    • Serial monitoring of myeloma protein levels is a valuable tool for assessing tumor load and guiding treatment decisions.
    • Delaying chemotherapy until disease progression in these select patient groups does not compromise long-term survival.
    • This approach enables extended periods without treatment, improving quality of life for eligible patients.