Fetal cranial and craniocervical masses: ultrasound characteristics and differential diagnosis

Ultrasound is assuming an essential role in the detection of fetal cranial and spinal anomalies. Illustrated in this article is the sonographic appearance of cranial abnormalities wherein the diagnosis of encephalocele is clear cut because the anatomic defect of the neural tube is visualized. Additionally presented is a variety of cranial and craniocervical cystic masses, including meningocele, wherein the anatomic defect of the neural tube is not apparent and the diagnosis is reached by careful attention to the specific ultrasonic characteristics of each mass.