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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...
Necrosis01:16

Necrosis

Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
Morphological Manifestations of Necrosis
Necrotic cells show different types of morphological appearance depending on the type of tissue and infection. In coagulative necrosis, cells become anucleated and die, but their...
Kubler Ross's Stages of Dying01:21

Kubler Ross's Stages of Dying

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross significantly advanced psychology's understanding of the process of dying with her influential book, On Death and Dying (1969). She focused on studying terminally ill individuals and outlined five stages commonly experienced when coping with death: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
In denial, individuals reject the reality of their condition, often thinking, "This isn't true; I feel fine," as a way to protect themselves from emotional distress. Anger...
Bonanno's Theory of Grieving01:17

Bonanno's Theory of Grieving

Grieving is a complex psychological and emotional process that varies significantly among individuals. George Bonanno's research on bereavement identified four distinct patterns of grieving, offering a nuanced understanding of how people cope with significant loss, such as the death of a spouse, over extended periods. These patterns — resilience, recovery, chronic dysfunction, and delayed grief — highlight the diversity in emotional responses and adaptive mechanisms.
Resilience
The resilience...

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Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
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Confirmation of death

M S Christian, J K Gosnold, P N Kersley

    British Medical Journal
    |September 13, 1980
    PubMed
    Summary

    Confirmation of death procedures are often unsatisfactory, with bodies frequently examined in ambulances. Standard practice should involve examination by a doctor in the accident and emergency department, requiring necessary funding for changes.

    Area of Science:

    • Medical practice
    • Emergency medicine
    • Public health

    Background:

    • Current practices for confirming death vary significantly across healthcare facilities.
    • There is a recognized need to standardize and improve the process of death confirmation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate current practices for the confirmation of death in accident and emergency departments.
    • To identify problems and dissatisfaction with existing procedures.
    • To recommend improvements for the confirmation of death process.

    Main Methods:

    • A working party was established to study the confirmation of death.
    • A questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of accident and emergency departments in district general hospitals.
    • Data from 38 responding departments were analyzed.

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    Main Results:

    • 24 departments examined bodies in ambulances, 4 in accident and emergency departments, and 10 in both.
    • Current procedures were generally found to be unsatisfactory, with expressed dissatisfaction from departments.
    • Consulted individuals and organizations unanimously agreed that death confirmation should not occur in ambulances.

    Conclusions:

    • A change in practice is recommended, with all bodies to be examined by a doctor in the accident and emergency department.
    • Adequate funding is necessary to address building alterations and increased staffing required for the proposed changes.
    • Standardizing death confirmation in A&E departments aims to improve patient care and procedural consistency.