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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

295
Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
295
Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

229
Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
229
Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

209
Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
209
Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

220
Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...
220
Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction01:30

Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction

423
Drug–drug interactions can precipitate toxicity through multiple mechanisms. Absorption interactions alter how drugs enter the body, exemplified when ranitidine increases the absorption of basic drugs, while cholestyramine decreases the levels of propranolol. Protein binding interactions occur when drugs share the same binding sites on plasma proteins. Drugs like aspirin and warfarin, when bound in excess, can lead to increased free drug concentrations, enhancing the potential for...
423
Antifungal Agents01:15

Antifungal Agents

119
Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that exploits structural differences between fungal and mammalian cell membranes. Its amphipathic structure—featuring a hydrophobic polyene-lactone ring and a hydrophilic region containing mycosamine and carboxylic acid groups—enables selective binding to ergosterol, a sterol predominantly found in fungal plasma membranes. This selective interaction underlies the drug’s antifungal activity, although weak binding to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Reduced Itraconazole Concentration and Durations Are Successful in Treating Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection in Amphibians
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Cardiorespiratory toxicity due to miconazole

V Fainstein, G P Bodey

    Annals of Internal Medicine
    |September 1, 1980
    PubMed
    Summary

    Miconazole treatment for fungal infections in cancer patients can cause severe cardiorespiratory and anaphylactic reactions, often after the first dose. Careful monitoring of administration rate, length, and dose is crucial to prevent these adverse events.

    Area of Science:

    • Hematology
    • Pharmacology
    • Oncology

    Background:

    • Hematologic malignancies pose significant risks for invasive fungal infections.
    • Antifungal therapies like miconazole are essential for managing these infections in immunocompromised patients.
    • Adverse drug reactions can complicate treatment in patients with hematologic malignancies.

    Observation:

    • Seven patients with hematologic malignancies experienced severe adverse cardiorespiratory and anaphylactic reactions.
    • All eight reaction episodes occurred following the initial dose of miconazole.
    • No significant predisposing factors were identified, except possibly in one cardiac arrest case involving doxorubicin.

    Findings:

    • Miconazole administration was associated with major adverse cardiorespiratory and anaphylactic events.

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  • Reactions were acute, occurring after the first dose.
  • Patients recovered fully after miconazole discontinuation, with no lasting effects.

    • Implications:

    • Close monitoring of miconazole administration (rate, duration, dose) is vital in patients with hematologic malignancies.
    • Awareness of potential severe adverse events is necessary for clinicians.
    • Further investigation into the mechanisms and risk factors for these reactions may be warranted.