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Related Experiment Videos

Second-order autoshaped key pecking based on an auditory stimulus

J S Burt, R F Westbrook

    Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
    |November 1, 1980
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Pigeons learned to peck at a visual cue (keylight) after it was paired with a tone, demonstrating second-order conditioning. This learning occurred even without prior pecking experience, highlighting how auditory signals can drive visual cue-based behaviors.

    Area of Science:

    • Behavioral Psychology
    • Animal Cognition
    • Learning and Memory

    Background:

    • Second-order conditioning involves learning associations between stimuli.
    • In this paradigm, a neutral stimulus (CS2) is paired with a conditioned stimulus (CS1) that has already been associated with a reward.
    • Understanding the mechanisms of second-order conditioning is crucial for explaining complex learned behaviors.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate second-order conditioning in pigeons using auditory and visual stimuli.
    • To determine if an auditory stimulus, not directly linked to reward, could support conditioned responding to a visual stimulus.
    • To examine the role of prior experience and the nature of the first-order stimulus in second-order conditioning.

    Main Methods:

    • Pigeons were exposed to different pairings of tones, grain (unconditioned stimulus), and keylights (conditioned stimuli).

    Related Experiment Videos

  • Experiment 1: Paired vs. unpaired tone-grain presentations, followed by keylight-tone pairings.
  • Experiment 2: Varied the number of tone-grain pairings (20-200). Experiment 3: Compared conditioned responding in pigeons with and without prior key-pecking history.

    • Main Results:

    • Substantial second-order conditioned pecking to the keylight was observed after paired tone-grain presentations.
    • Conditioned pecking increased with the number of tone-grain pairings.
    • Prior key-pecking history did not significantly affect the level of second-order conditioned pecking.

    Conclusions:

    • An auditory stimulus (tone), even without direct reward association, can support second-order conditioning.
    • A visual stimulus (keylight) paired with such an auditory signal can effectively evoke conditioned pecking behavior.
    • This demonstrates the capacity for abstract auditory cues to mediate learned responses to visual stimuli in pigeons.