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Related Concept Videos

Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation01:19

Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation

Similar to water, alcohols can add to the carbonyl carbon of the aldehydes and ketones. The addition of one molecule of alcohol to the carbonyl compound forms the hemiacetal or half acetal. As depicted below, in a hemiacetal, the carbon is directly linked to an OH and OR group.
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction mixture.
Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids01:15

Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids

Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones results in the formation of carboxylic acids. Aldehydes, bearing hydrogen next to the carbonyl group, are easily oxidized compared to ketones. This is because an aldehydic proton can easily be abstracted during oxidation.
Aldehydes readily undergo oxidation in strong oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate and chromic acid. The oxidation can also be carried out using mild oxidizing agents such as silver oxide. In fact, aldehydes can be easily oxidized...
Base-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction01:08

Base-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction

As depicted in Figure 1, base-catalyzed aldol addition involves adding two carbonyl compounds in aqueous sodium hydroxide to form a β-hydroxy carbonyl compound.
Ketones with Nonenolizable Aromatic Aldehydes: Claisen–Schmidt Condensation01:01

Ketones with Nonenolizable Aromatic Aldehydes: Claisen–Schmidt Condensation

Benzaldehyde, like formaldehyde, lacks an α hydrogen and cannot enolize to form an enolate. Hence, the reaction of benzaldehyde with a ketone in the presence of an aqueous base forms a single crossed product. This reaction is referred to as Claisen–Schmidt condensation.
As the self-condensation of ketones is generally not favored in basic conditions, the self-condensed products do not form in the reaction between ketones and benzaldehyde. The general reaction of Claisen–Schmidt condensation is...
Hemoglobin01:24

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is a globular protein made up of four subunits. Two of these subunits are alpha chains, and the other two are beta chains. Each subunit contains a molecule of heme, which has an iron atom and can bind to oxygen. When an oxygen molecule binds to one heme group, it changes the shape of hemoglobin, making it easier for the other heme groups to bind oxygen as well.
When all four heme groups are bound to oxygen, the resulting molecule is called oxyhemoglobin. As a result, arterial blood...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells
09:43

Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells

Published on: July 9, 2015

Acetaldehyde adducts with hemoglobin

V J Stevens, W J Fantl, C B Newman

    The Journal of Clinical Investigation
    |February 1, 1981
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Alcohol abuse may lead to novel hemoglobin adducts. Acetaldehyde, an ethanol metabolite, forms stable adducts with hemoglobin, detected at elevated levels in alcoholics compared to healthy individuals.

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    Preparation of SNS Cobalt(II) Pincer Model Complexes of Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase

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    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Clinical Chemistry
    • Toxicology

    Background:

    • Clinical studies indicate elevated minor hemoglobins (hemoglobin A1a-c) in alcohol abusers.
    • These patients exhibit normal or subnormal glycosylated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1c) levels.
    • Acetaldehyde, a reactive ethanol metabolite, is implicated in forming hemoglobin adducts.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the formation and characteristics of acetaldehyde-hemoglobin adducts.
    • To determine if these adducts are elevated in individuals with alcohol abuse.

    Main Methods:

    • Incubation of hemoglobin A with acetaldehyde at physiological concentrations.
    • Assessment of adduct stability through extensive dialysis.
    • Chromatographic analysis to identify adducts and their migration patterns.
    • Amino acid analysis to identify reaction sites on globin.
    • Quantification of adducts in hemoglobin samples from alcoholics and normal volunteers.

    Main Results:

    • Acetaldehyde forms stable adducts with hemoglobin at physiological concentrations.
    • Adduct formation is dependent on acetaldehyde concentration and exposure frequency.
    • Acetaldehyde-hemoglobin adducts exhibit altered chromatographic properties, migrating in the hemoglobin A1a-c region.
    • Valine, lysine, and tyrosine residues of globin are identified as reaction sites.
    • Adducts are significantly elevated in hemoglobin from alcoholics compared to controls.

    Conclusions:

    • Acetaldehyde-hemoglobin adducts are formed in vitro and are stable.
    • These adducts are present at significantly higher levels in alcoholics.
    • The formation of these novel adducts may explain altered minor hemoglobin levels in alcohol abuse.
    • This finding provides a potential biomarker for alcohol abuse.