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Related Concept Videos

Complementation Tests00:49

Complementation Tests

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A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...
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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
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Antigen Processing Pathways

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MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
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Complement System01:27

Complement System

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions01:01

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

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Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...
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Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
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Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
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Complement-human histocompatibility antigen haplotypes in C2 deficiency

Z L Awdeh, D D Raum, D Glass

    The Journal of Clinical Investigation
    |February 1, 1981
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Complement C4 allotyping in C2-deficient individuals revealed a high frequency of the rare C4A4 B2 haplotype. This finding is comparable to the known association between C2Q0 and HLA-DW2/DR2.

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    Area of Science:

    • Immunogenetics
    • Complement system biology

    Background:

    • The complement system is crucial for innate immunity.
    • Complement component C2 deficiency (C2Q0) is a rare genetic disorder.
    • Complement component C4 (C4) exhibits significant genetic polymorphism.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the C4 allotype distribution in individuals with homozygous C2 deficiency.
    • To determine if there is a specific C4 haplotype associated with C2 deficiency.

    Main Methods:

    • C4 allotyping was performed on 13 homozygous C2-deficient individuals.
    • Haplotype analysis was conducted to identify associated genetic markers.

    Main Results:

    • Out of 25 haplotypes analyzed, 23 were identified as the rare C4A4 B2 type.
    • This represents a significant enrichment of the C4A4 B2 haplotype in the C2-deficient cohort.

    Conclusions:

    • A strong association exists between C2 deficiency and the C4A4 B2 haplotype.
    • This finding provides insights into the genetic basis and population genetics of the complement system.