The early phase of psychotherapy with antisocial early adolescents

Adolescence is a developmental stage with specific defenses, styles, and ego functions and thus requires a specific psychotherapeutic technique. The task of early adolescence is the establishment of a sense of autonomy during major biological, psychological, familial and social changes. Antisocial behaviour is understood as having multiple etiology and to be a manifestation of different diagnostic entities including reactive disorder, depression, neurosis, narcissistic, impulsive and borderline personalities, or psychosis. The main goal of the early phase of therapy is the establishment of a therapeutic relationship. This is achieved through the therapist's ability to help the adolescent to talk and explore, without fear of exposure, in the context of an active, empathic relationship. Specific guidelines helpful in establishing this relationship in the early phase of adolescent therapy are discussed.