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Immune responses against multiple epitopes

M A Nowak1, R M May, K Sigmund

  • 1Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, U.K.

Journal of Theoretical Biology
|August 7, 1995
PubMed
Summary
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Pathogen escape from immune responses is complex. Mathematical models reveal that mutations can shift immune focus to different pathogen epitopes, causing oscillations and influencing disease progression.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology and Virology
  • Mathematical Modeling
  • Evolutionary Dynamics

Background:

  • Current models of antigenic escape dynamics focus on single epitopes.
  • Pathogen mutations conferring immune escape are thought to gain a selective advantage, increasing in abundance.
  • This can lead to new immune responses against the escape mutant.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a new understanding of antigenic escape dynamics using mathematical models with multiple epitopes.
  • To investigate the complex dynamics and surprising features arising from multi-epitope immune responses.
  • To provide a general theory for immunodominance in the context of antigenic variation.

Main Methods:

  • Development of mathematical models simulating immune responses against multiple pathogen epitopes.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Analysis of model dynamics to identify patterns of immune response and pathogen evolution.
  • Comparison of model predictions with observed phenomena, such as antigenic oscillations in HIV infections.

    • Main Results:

    • Emergence of escape mutants can redirect immunodominant responses to alternative epitopes.
    • Antigenic oscillations and fluctuations in immune response size and specificity occur even without mutations.
    • Immunodominance is determined by epitope immunogenicity and antigenic diversity.

    Conclusions:

    • Multi-epitope models reveal complex immune dynamics, including antigenic oscillations and response shifting.
    • Antigenic variation and immunodominance are intricately linked to epitope properties.
    • Shifting immune responses to weaker epitopes may drive disease progression in viruses like HIV.