Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 9, 2026

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
08:33

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

Interactions of bovine thyrotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin with adenylate cyclase in bovine thyroid

S M Amir, H Uchimura, S H Ingbar

    Endocrine Research Communications
    |January 1, 1978
    PubMed

    More Related Videos

    In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse04:14

    In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

    Published on: October 6, 2023

    A Modified Co-Culture System for Understanding Granulosa-Theca Cell Interactions in the Bovine Ovary07:03

    A Modified Co-Culture System for Understanding Granulosa-Theca Cell Interactions in the Bovine Ovary

    Published on: September 19, 2025

    Related Concept Videos

    GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

    GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

    Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of cells.
    Two...
    Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

    Hormones and Bone Tissue

    The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
    Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
    Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
    Secondary Messengers in Hormone Action01:26

    Secondary Messengers in Hormone Action

    Water-soluble hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane, so they rely on protein receptors that span the membrane to trigger intracellular signaling pathways. These pathways then activate second messengers inside the cell, including cAMP or calcium ions.
    Many hormones bind to transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors that connect to regulatory G proteins. These G proteins can then activate enzymes such as adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP, activating...
    Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

    Target Cell Response to Hormones

    Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
    Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
    Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

    Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

    Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
    Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
    Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

    Functions of Thyroid Hormones

    The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
    TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...