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Graphical methods for assessing violations of the proportional hazards assumption in Cox regression
1Department of Biomathematics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030-4095, USA.
Abstract:
A major assumption of the Cox proportional hazards model is that the effect of a given covariate does not change over time. If this assumption is violated, the simple Cox model is invalid, and more sophisticated analyses are required. This paper describes eight graphical methods for detecting violations of the proportional hazards assumption and demonstrates each on three published datasets with a single binary covariate. I discuss the relative merits of these methods. Smoothed plots of the scaled Schoenfeld residuals are recommended for assessing PH violations because they provide precise usable information about the time dependence of the covariate effects.
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